Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card,
NPRM, Adversarial Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
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Motor Vehicle & Driver Program Consultants |
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Colour Document Printing
Terms
A
Absorption
The dispersal and decreased transmission of
visible light in its interaction with matter, resulting in the
change of its colour.
Appearance
The nature of objects as visual attributes, such as size, shape,
colour, texture, glossiness, transparency and opacity.
Attribute
Colours are often described by their attributes
of hue, saturation or chroma, and lightness.
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B
Banding
Distinct pattern alterations, rather than a smooth transition of
colours or other effects in a gradient. Occurs in continuous
tone images when displayed using less than 24 bits of digital
information or if printing gradients without sufficient colour
information.
Black
The absence of reflected light; the colour that is produced when
an object absorbs all wavelengths from the light source.
When 100% of cyan, magenta and yellow are combined, the
resultant colour should be black, but in reality produces a
muddy gray or brown. Therefore in four-colour process printing,
black is one of the process inks.
The letter "K" is used to represent black in the CMYK acronym to
differentiate it from "B" for blue in RGB.
Brightness
The measurement of the reflective quality of a medium. Different
brightness levels can cause changes in the appearance of colour
on the medium requiring adjustments in calibration to achieve
optimum result
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C
Calibration
Checking, adjusting and systematically standardizing the
graduations of a device.
Chroma
In visual perception, when an area appears saturated with a
particular colour or hue. For example, a red apple is high in
chroma; pastel colours are low. Black, white and gray have no
chroma. Part of the colour model, L*C*H or lightness, chroma,
hue. Also referred to as saturation.
CIE
Commission International de l'Eclairage or the International
Commission on Illumination, which is the main world institution
concerned with colour and colour measurement.
CMY
The subtractive primaries cyan, magenta and yellow.
Colour Calibration
Coordination of the colour matching between two or more digital
devices by means by hardware or software.
Colour Curve
Visual mechanism in photo and graphics software to display
colour measurements and make tonal changes in an image.
Colour Separation
Photographic or electronic process for creating patterns of
plates for each component of a colour space. In printing, for
example, separating the cyan, magenta, yellow and black
components of a page image.
Colour Wheel
An arrangement of the visible spectrum's continuum of colours in
a circle fashion, that has complementary colours, such as red
and green, located opposite from each other.
Colourants
Materials used to create colours, such as dyes, pigments, toners
and phosphors
Colourimeter
Device that measures colour values in relation to a specific set
of standards, such as CIE. Enables measurement of differences in
colours more precisely than the human eye.
Cyan
The "redless" process colour. It absorbs all red wavelengths and
reflects all blue and green wavelengths of light.
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D
Delta-E
Unit of measurement of the perceivable difference in a colour by
the human eye.
Densitometer
Device used to measure the density of light by means of its
absorption by a substrate or surface of paper or film. This is
achieved either by reflection or transmission.
Density
The ability of a material to absorb light. The
darker the material, the higher the density.
Digital Printer
Printing device that translates digital data into hard copy
output.
Dithering
A process that simulates shades of gray or colour variations by
differing sizes and shapes of pixel groups instead of an ordered
array of halftone dots. This reduces the contrast between dots
of different colours or shades and yields a more flowing,
natural impression.
Dot Gain
The effect that is described when individual dots in a halftone
screen or other such patterns print out larger than their
intended size, resulting in a darkening of the image.
Dots per Inch (DPI)
Measurement that describes the resolution of image files by
measuring the number of separate pixels represented either
horizontally or vertically in one square inch.
Dye
Coloured chemical that dissolves completely in water or other
solvent; as opposed to pigments, which are insoluble.
Dye Sublimation
Colour printing technology that produces images by means of
gaseous dyes through a thermal printing driver.
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E
Enhanced Gamut Colour
When precisely diluted process colours, usually cyan and
magenta, are used with CMYK to create more vibrant colours and a
continuous-tone effect.
Expanded Gamut Colour
When additional colours, usually green and orange, are printed
with CMYK to match a greater number of colours than produced by
CMYK alone.
F
Fluorescent Lamp
A glass tube filled with mercury gas and whose inside surface is
coated with phosphors. Once the gas is charged with electrical
current, radiation is produced which then energizes the
phosphors and causes them to glow.
Four-Colour Process
Printing or other imaging with combinations of the subtractive
primaries of cyan, magenta, yellow and black. These are
deposited as dots of different sizes, shapes and angles to
create the illusion of different colours.
G
Gamut
The range of colours that can be interpreted by a colour model
or generated by a specific device.
Gamut Compression
Also known as tonal-range compression. The coordinates of a
colour space with a larger gamut are reduced to comply with the
smaller gamut of a destination colour space. For example, the
gamut of photographic film is compressed for representation in
the smaller CMYK gamut in four-colour process printing.
Gradation
The transition between two colours or between black and no
colour which is created by mixing percentages of the dominant
and secondary colour and then alternating them to produce the
desired effect.
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H
Hexachrome
Colour-matching system from Pantone, Inc. that is used with
hi-fi colour systems and devices.
Hi-Fi Colour
Printing process that extends the tonal capabilities of most
printing presses by employing stochastic screening, six-colour
printing and other techniques to expand the possible colour
gamut beyond the traditional abilities of four-colour processes.
Hue
The basic colour of an object as defined by its angular position
in a cylindrical colour space, or on a Colour Wheel
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I
Inkjet
Printing process where liquid ink is propelled at a substrate,
such as paper or film, to form characters and graphics. There
are three kinds of inkjet printing: thermal, piezoelectric and
phase change.
Intensity
Saturation, or reflective light, in relation to visible
wavelengths of light. The reflectance of wavelengths at high
intensity generates high saturation or chroma.
L
Light
Electromagnetic radiation in the spectral range that is
detectable by the human eye (approximately 380 to 720 nm).
Light Magenta/Light Cyan (LM-LC)
Muted or diluted forms of the two primary colours. When added to
CMYK these shades produce more variety in dot colour and natural
continuous tone printing.
Lightness
The attribute that makes an area emit or reflect
more or less light. Also refers to the perception by which white
objects are distinguished from gray, and light from dark
objects.
Luminance
Describes the brightness of an image.
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M
Magenta
The "greenless" process colour. It absorbs all wavelengths of
green from light, while reflecting all red and blue wavelengths.
N
Nanometer (Nm)
The measurement of wavelengths. Unit of length equal to 109
meters, or one millionth of a millimeter.
O
Opacity
Describes the resistance of light passing through a substrate.
P
PantoneÃ’
Matching System
(PMS)
Unique numbering system for identifying colours created by
combinations of standard SWOP inks.
pH
A value that expresses the degree of acidity or basicity of a
solution.
Phase Change Inkjet
Inkjet printing process employing the melting of solid ink plugs
and then spraying the droplets on media.
Piezo Inkjet
Inkjet printing process that uses electric pulses from
piezoelectric crystals to stimulate and force ink through inkjet
nozzles onto substrates.
Pigment
Colourant that cannot be dissolved in a liquid. In inks,
produces sharper, darker images on a wider range of plain
papers.
Pixel
A tiny picture element that contains red, green and blue
information for colour rendering on a monitor or scanner. Pixels
on a screen are similar to dots of ink on paper. Monitor
resolution is described in terms of pixels-per-inch (ppi), while
printer resolution is measured in dots-per-inch (dpi).
Pixels per Inch (PPI)
The number of pixels in a rastar image that occur in one line
along one inch. The greater the pixels, the higher the
resolution.
Primary Colour
Colours that are the bases for other colours. In light, the
primary colours are red, green and blue (RGB). In colour
photographic printing, they are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY).
Black or key (K) is added as a fourth ink to CMY printing to
produce denser, truer blacks and clearer, sharper images.
Print On Demand
Term for a variety of short-run publishing processes that
include copier technologies and direct-to-press applications.
Prism
Triangular-shaped glass or other transparent material through
which, when light is passed, its wavelengths refract into a
rainbow of colours. A demonstration that light is composed of
colours and indication of the arrangement of colours in the
visible spectrum.
Process Colour
Cyan, magenta, yellow and black combined to create a new colour.
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R
Raster Image Processor (RIP)
Software and/or hardware used to convert digital printing to
information needed by a printer or other device to produce
finished output. This action is commonly called "ripping" (a
file).
Reflective
The ability of a surface to bounce back some or all of the
wavelengths of light that strikes it.
Resolution
The number of dots or samples-per-inch that a device is capable
of recognizing or producing.
RGB
The additive primary colours: red, green and blue.
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S
Saturation
Colour attribute that expresses the degree of departure from the
neutral gray of the same lightness. Also known as chroma.
Sequence
The order in which inks are deposited by a printing device. In
CMYK inkjets the sequence is yellow, magenta, cyan and black.
Spectral Curve
A visual representation of a colour's spectral data as the
colour's "fingerprint". A spectral curve is plotted on a grid
comprised of a vertical axis of the level of reflectance
intensity, and a horizontal axis describing the visible spectrum
of wavelengths. The percentage of reflected light at each
interval is plotted as points on a curve.
Spectral Data
The most precise description of the colour of an object. Since
an object's colour appearance results from light being changed
by it and reflected to the viewer, spectral data describes how
that reflected light was changed. The percentage of reflected
light is measured at several intervals across its spectrum of
wavelengths, which is then visually represented as a spectral
curve.
Spectrophotometer
An instrument that measures the characteristics of light that is
either reflected from or transmitted through an object.
Spectrum
The spatial arrangement of electromagnetic energy in accordance
to size of wavelength.
Spooler
The space where printing data is held in a computer's memory or
hard drive while queuing to a printing device.
Specifications for Web Offset
Printing (SWOP)
Formulations for inks used in web offset presses.
Standard
An established and approved reference against which instrument
measurements are evaluated.
Subtractive primaries.
Cyan, magenta and yellow. The theoretical combination of the
three at 100% strength should produce black on white paper.
Their combination at varying intensities produces a gamut of
colours.
Combining two primaries at 100% creates either the red, green or
blue additive primary. Cyan+magenta=blue. Cyan+yellow=green.
Magenta+yellow=red.
Surface Tension
The forces of cohesion at the surface of a liquid which
encourage the tendency of a liquid to reduce its exposed surface
to the minimum area. Molecules within a liquid are attracted
equally from all sides, but those near the surface experience
unequal attractions and are thus drawn towards the center of the
liquid mass by this net force.
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T
Thermal Drop-on-Demand
Inkjet printing process where inks are heated in a chamber above
the print head to a temperature greater than their boiling
point. The heat alters and expands the characteristics of the
ink, which is then expelled through the head onto the substrate.
Tolerance
The acceptable difference between the known correct standard and
a set of measured samples. See Delta Error.
V
Viscosity
The internal resistance to flow exhibited by a fluid.
Visible Spectrum
The region in the electromagnetic spectrum between 380 and 720
nanometers. Wavelengths within this span produce colour as
viewed by the human eye. Shorter wavelengths create violets,
purples and blues, while longer wavelengths result in oranges
and reds.
W
Wavelength
Measurement of light as a component of electromagnetic waves.
The wavelength is the peak-to-peak distance between two adjacent
waves.
Y
Yellow
Pure yellow is the "blueless" colour. It absorbs all wavelengths
of blue from
light, and reflects all red and green wavelengths.
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Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card, NPRM, Adversarial
Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
| | |
Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card, NPRM, Adversarial
Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
| | |
Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card, NPRM, Adversarial
Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
| | |
Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card, NPRM, Adversarial
Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
| | |
Partial Client list:
EDL, WHTI, border card, NPRM, Adversarial
Analysis, state certification, REAL ID testing, facility audit, background
screening, DL/ID testing, security testing, accredited, DHS, MTO, CBSA, Document Security Expert Real ID Act AAMVA Ian
Williams, DHS, DOT, FDR, driver license RFP, Chip Passport, Biometric passport,
ICAO, INCITS, Breeder document, biometrics, Identification Expert,
Biometric, Facial Recognition, Iris Recognition, Laser Engraving, Passport,
Driver License, card, licence, driver, security, biometric, laser,
identification, license, passport, biometrics, identity, iris, drivers,
engraving, systems, in, and, driver's, for, aamva, to, document, Canadian
Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Standard CCMTA aamva common security element Biometric licence state DLID
document RFP consultant biometric expert document security Kinegram hologram
laser engraving state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland
security NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
standards identity card TSA Driver License AAMVA DL/ID Security
Standard CCMTA Biometric licence state DLID document RFP consultant biometric
expert document security Kinegram hologram laser engraving Alberta driver
licence state id card government id card Canadian licence dsa homeland security
NIST ISO IEC AAMVA American association of motor vehicle administrators
passport, AAMVA, AAMVA, AAMVA, gap analysis
| | |
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